_ of _ messages: Express recognition of the other’s existence, acknowledge a relationship of affiliation with the other, express awareness of the significance or worth of the other, accept or endorse the other’s self-experience Includes hesitations, hedges, tag questions, polite forms, intensifiers, and disclaimers Negative attributes such as shyness, introversion, timidity, nervousness, and apprehension. Uses a combination of proper English, clear thoughts, organized ideas and a persuasive structure Positive attributes such as assertiveness and importance can be influential, commanding, and authoritative. Occurs when individuals feel recognized, acknowledged, valued, and respected Using specific word choices and syntactic structures to increase perceptions of psychological closeness ("_" and "_") The process of using communication behaviors purposefully to reduce psychological and physical distanceīenefits of verbal immediacy include increased perceptions of _ and _ Selectively and strategically listening for information in the message that can be used against the speakerīE OPEN to the message, INTERPRET the message, GIVE FEEDBACK, ENGAGE in dual perspective, ADAPT your listening style, REDUCE noise, STORE the message Only responding to those parts of the message and ignoring others Only focuses on parts of the message that we agree/disagree with, to remain cognitively stable. Take the focus off the speaker and redirect the conversation and attention to themselves What are the common listening misbehaviors? Pseudo-listening, monopolizing, disconfirming, defensive listening, selective listening, ambushing Potential pitfall- be sure to determine whether the source wants you to just listen or to provide solutions for the problems shared during your conversation Help others by providing a supportive ear and assist in uncovering alternative perspectives. Think about how your associations with particular groups or organizations (i.e., religious or political affiliations) may affect how you interpret messages Potential pitfall- prejudices and biases may interfere with our listening ability. Consider repeating information back to the source to check for comprehensionĬritically assessing messages. Potential pitfall- listener must determine which messages are the most important. Mindfully receiving and remembering new information. Potential pitfall- if you really want to listen for pure entertainment, it is important to eliminate distractions or noise (e.g., turn off cell phones!) Listen for the pure enjoyment of listening to the stimuli. Potential pitfall- in our attempt to reduce uncertainty about a message’s meaning, we often selectively listen to certain stimuli while ignoring others. Helps us understand the meaning of the message. These types of listeners make it clear that they only have a short period of time to communicate and might even start the conversation by saying, "I hope that you can make it brief because I am running late"ĭiscriminate listening, appreciative listening, comprehensive listening, evaluative listening, empathetic (or therapeutic) listening Interested in brief interactions with others. These listeners ask direct questions and often critically evaluate the source’s message These folks might say something like, "Get to the point," when talking to someoneįocuses on the details of the message. These listeners Might say something like, "How did that make you feel," when talking with someone They are interested in the speaker’s feeling and emotions. Seek out common interests with the speaker and are highly responsive. People-oriented, action-oriented, content-oriented, time-oriented
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